Which of the following is considered a primary source?

A primary source is a document or physical object that was created during the time under study and provides direct evidence about a topic. An artifact, being a tangible item that has been created or used by humans and carries historical significance, falls under this category because it offers firsthand insight into the culture, practices, or circumstances of the period in which it was made.

In contrast, a history book typically synthesizes information from various primary and secondary sources and provides interpretations rather than direct evidence. A documentary, while it may present original footage or interviews, is still a secondary source as it interprets and presents information about past events. Lastly, a research article often summarizes findings from studies and data collected by other researchers, positioning it within the realm of secondary sources as well. Therefore, the artifact is correctly identified as a primary source due to its authenticity and direct connection to historical events.