If a text uses the term "formerly," what does it refer to?

The term "formerly" refers to a previous time. It indicates that something existed or took place in the past but is no longer the case. This context is key in understanding that "formerly" is used to denote a change, often indicating a transition from one state or condition to another. The other options represent different concepts: a sequence of steps pertains to order, a cause and effect relationship focuses on outcomes based on prior actions, and a contrast between ideas highlights differences. However, none of these concepts align with the temporal indication provided by "formerly." Therefore, recognizing that "formerly" is rooted in referencing a time that has passed confirms the correctness of the answer.